如果講電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)感(gan)三大(da)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)是(shi)我們(men)(men)最常見(jian)的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)的話,而二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)則是(shi)我們(men)(men)見(jian)到最多的半(ban)導體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)。為(wei)什么說二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)不(bu)同于電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)感(gan)而被(bei)稱為(wei)半(ban)導體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)那?這是(shi)因為(wei)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)利用半(ban)導體(ti)(ti)材料根據其電(dian)(dian)荷有(you)P極(ji)流(liu)向N極(ji)的特性而制成(cheng)的,故(gu)被(bei)稱為(wei)半(ban)導體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)。比它功能(neng)更強(qiang)大(da)的三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)、MOS管(guan)(guan)等元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)也(ye)是(shi)半(ban)導體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)。
二(er)極(ji)管(guan)有(you)兩個(ge)管(guan)腳,一個(ge)是正極(ji)一個(ge)是負極(ji),它最(zui)大的特性(xing)是單向(xiang)導電(dian)性(xing),既電(dian)荷只能(neng)由正極(ji)流(liu)向(xiang)負極(ji)。二(er)極(ji)管(guan)主(zhu)要的參(can)數有(you)額(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)流(liu)、額(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)、結電(dian)壓(ya)等,選用時應(ying)根據實際要求加以甄別選用。二(er)極(ji)管(guan)種類(lei)很多功能(neng)各異,常見的有(you)整流(liu)二(er)極(ji)管(guan),穩壓(ya)二(er)極(ji)管(guan),發(fa)光(guang)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)等。
整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)是用(yong)來(lai)將AC變為(wei)DC的(de),在(zai)單(dan)相(xiang)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)當(dang)中根據所(suo)用(yong)二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)的(de)數量分(fen)為(wei):采用(yong)單(dan)只二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)的(de)半波整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu);利(li)用(yong)變壓器(qi)抽頭加(jia)兩(liang)只二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)的(de)全波整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu);以及利(li)用(yong)四只二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)構成的(de)橋(qiao)式整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。三相(xiang)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)分(fen)為(wei)半波整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)三相(xiang)全橋(qiao)式整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。這些電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)相(xiang)關(guan)知識(shi)在(zai)一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術教材當(dang)中均有講(jiang)解,詳情請(qing)參(can)考相(xiang)關(guan)資料。我(wo)們在(zai)工(gong)作當(dang)中常見整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)應用(yong)的(de)地(di)方有各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備初級整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流側,真空交流接觸器(qi)吸合線圈前面(mian)的(de)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)等。我(wo)們常見的(de)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)多為(wei)黑色塑封的(de)1.5A的(de)1N4700--1N4707系列(lie)。整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)一(yi)般在(zai)其(qi)表面(mian)用(yong)一(yi)圈銀環來(lai)指(zhi)示負極(ji)所(suo)在(zai)。
穩(wen)壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)常用(yong)在(zai)(zai)對(dui)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值有(you)一定(ding)要求的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路當中(zhong)(zhong)。穩(wen)壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)是利用(yong)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)反(fan)向擊穿特(te)性而制作的(de)(de)(de)元件(jian),其在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路當中(zhong)(zhong)最應該注意的(de)(de)(de)一點(dian)(dian)既穩(wen)壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)要反(fan)向使用(yong),也就是要將穩(wen)壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji),其正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)負極(ji)(ji)(ji),這一點(dian)(dian)要牢記。常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)有(you)1N4728--1N4769系列,其穩(wen)壓(ya)范(fan)圍3.3v--100v。但由于穩(wen)壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值不大(da),故常用(yong)在(zai)(zai)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流較小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)線路當中(zhong)(zhong)。此外利用(yong)穩(wen)壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)壓(ya)特(te)性在(zai)(zai)有(you)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)線路當中(zhong)(zhong),它(ta)還被賦予限(xian)幅、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)采用(yong)比較的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。
發(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)是我們在工(gong)作指示和(he)日(ri)常(chang)(chang)照(zhao)明當中常(chang)(chang)接觸到的(de)元件(jian),我們一(yi)(yi)般采用其(qi)英文縮寫LED來代指它。由于(yu)現在大功(gong)率發(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)不斷(duan)涌現,原有普(pu)亮(liang)(liang)、超亮(liang)(liang)、甚亮(liang)(liang)的(de)分類方(fang)法已很難適用。發(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)工(gong)作電(dian)壓(ya)一(yi)(yi)般為(wei)2.5--4.5v左右,在高于(yu)其(qi)工(gong)作電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)電(dian)路(lu)中要(yao)串入合適的(de)降壓(ya)電(dian)阻才能保障(zhang)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)正常(chang)(chang)工(gong)作。發(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)級管(guan)(guan)同樣是有極(ji)(ji)(ji)性的(de)元件(jian),一(yi)(yi)般帽式發(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)腳較長的(de)一(yi)(yi)端為(wei)正極(ji)(ji)(ji),大功(gong)率片狀發(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)般都(dou)會(hui)在元件(jian)焊接處(chu)給予極(ji)(ji)(ji)性符號標示的(de),使用或更換時要(yao)注意。
; 此外二(er)極管(guan)(guan)家族當中還有檢波二(er)極管(guan)(guan)、開關二(er)極管(guan)(guan)、激光二(er)極管(guan)(guan)、變容二(er)極管(guan)(guan)等許多種類的二(er)極管(guan)(guan)。大家在使用(yong)和檢修時應仔細閱讀其參數(shu)說明書。總之,認識(shi)和掌握二(er)極管(guan)(guan)這種最基礎的半導體元件,是我(wo)們學習電子知識(shi)的必經之路(lu)。
